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Factors in establishing trust in clinical AI

Consistency

Accuracy

Low validation burden

<div class="items-box">
	<h3 class="p2 mb-20">Factors in establishing trust in clinical AI</h3>
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		<div class="graphic__item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3bfcdfff5a8b2f5d74db_consistency.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-10">
			<div>Consistency</div>
		</div>
		<div class="graphic__divider">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3d9f071d9bce35c2978f_divider01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
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			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3bfc3fea93f59986e9fb_accuracy.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-10">
			<div>Accuracy</div>
		</div>
		<div class="graphic__divider">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3d9f071d9bce35c2978f_divider01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
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			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3bfc88b19bc353f234e3_low-validation-burden.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-10">
			<div>Low validation burden</div>
		</div>
	</div>
</div>

ITEMS GRID

Human review consumes:

Time
Often several minutes
per output
Staffing
Additional navigators, clinicians,
or quality personnel
Budget
Salary and operational expenses
that scale with volume


<div class="items-box mb-16">
	<h3 class="p2 mb-20">Human review consumes:</h3>
	<ul role="list" class="items-grid">
		<li class="grid__item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa4104ad5c7149a3687b68_scans.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<div class="item__title">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4">
					<strong>Time</strong>
				</h4>
				<p class="p3">Often several minutes
					<br>per output</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3bfc88b19bc353f234e3_low-validation-burden.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<div class="item__title">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4">
					<strong>Staffing</strong>
				</h4>
				<p class="p3">Additional navigators, clinicians,
					<br>or quality personnel</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa41059c6fefecf71d2dc7_budget.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<div class="item__title">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4">
					<strong>Budget</strong>
				</h4>
				<p class="p3">Salary and operational expenses
					<br>that scale with volume</p>
			</div>
		</li>
	</ul>
</div>

ITEMS GRID (only titles)

Human review consumes:

~93 million CT
scans in 2023
—> Up from
68.7 million
39.8% of all radiology exams
contain an incidental finding

<div class="items-box mb-16">
	<h3 class="p2 mb-20">Human review consumes:</h3>
	<ul role="list" class="items-grid">
		<li class="grid__item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa4104ad5c7149a3687b68_scans.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<p class="p2"><strong>~93 million CT<br>scans in 2023</strong></p>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa3bfc88b19bc353f234e3_low-validation-burden.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<p class="p2"><strong>—&gt; Up from<br>68.7 million</strong></p>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aa4104c267221a42b83d84_exams.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="mb-16">
			<p class="p2"><strong>39.8% of all radiology exams<br>contain an incidental finding</strong></p>
		</li>
	</ul>
</div>

ITEMS

Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam

Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam
Radiology reports are unstructured narrative documents

Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam
Radiology reports are unstructured narrative documents
Clinical significance depends on context not keywords alone

Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam
Radiology reports are unstructured narrative documents
Clinical significance depends on context not keywords alone
Incidental findings require longitudinal tracking over time

Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam
Radiology reports are unstructured narrative documents
Clinical significance depends on context not keywords alone
Incidental findings require longitudinal tracking over time
Small details carry large clinicaland operational weight

<div class="items-box mb-16">
	<ul role="list" class="items-list">
		<li class="item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69a99551b0afe37605bae486_icon01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="p2"><strong>Incidental findings are not the focus of the exam</strong></div>
		</li>
		<li class="item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae105ac42e66dcff5185d_consistency-sm.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="p2"><strong>Radiology reports are unstructured narrative documents</strong></div>
		</li>
		<li class="item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae19959c0b6a252619445_warning.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="p2"><strong>Clinical significance depends on context not keywords alone</strong></div>
		</li>
		<li class="item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae1e569c3b98b9b577b99_calendar.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="p2"><strong>Incidental findings require longitudinal tracking over time</strong></div>
		</li>
		<li class="item">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69a995510041103826b4e430_icon03.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="p2"><strong>Small details carry large clinicaland operational weight</strong></div>
		</li>
	</ul>
</div>

Items with titles

Validation Burden decreases when:

Extracted information is precise and complete
Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.

Validation Burden decreases when:

Extracted information is precise and complete
Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.
Clinical relationships are captured accurately
Measurements, locations, and descriptors are correctly linked to the same finding.

Validation Burden decreases when:

Extracted information is precise and complete
Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.
Clinical relationships are captured accurately
Measurements, locations, and descriptors are correctly linked to the same finding.
Temporal context is interpreted correctly
Current findings are distinguished from prior ones, and change over time isunderstood.

Validation Burden decreases when:

Extracted information is precise and complete
Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.
Clinical relationships are captured accurately
Measurements, locations, and descriptors are correctly linked to the same finding.
Temporal context is interpreted correctly
Current findings are distinguished from prior ones, and change over time isunderstood.
Outputs are deterministic and reproducible
The same input produces the same result, supporting auditability and trust.

Validation Burden decreases when:

Extracted information is precise and complete
Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.
Clinical relationships are captured accurately
Measurements, locations, and descriptors are correctly linked to the same finding.
Temporal context is interpreted correctly
Current findings are distinguished from prior ones, and change over time isunderstood.
Outputs are deterministic and reproducible
The same input produces the same result, supporting auditability and trust.
Every data element is traceable to source text
Clinicians can see exactly where information came from without manualreconstruction

<div class="items-box mb-16">
	<h3 class="p2 mb-20">Validation Burden decreases when:</h3>
	<ul role="list" class="items-list">
		<li class="item align-top">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae4e3ba5cf14988230125_bullet01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="item__copy">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4"><strong>Extracted information is precise and complete</strong></h4>
				<p>Findings are identified with sufficient detail to determine follow-up without re-reading the report.</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="item align-top">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae4e3ba5cf14988230125_bullet01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="item__copy">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4"><strong>Clinical relationships are captured accurately</strong></h4>
				<p>Measurements, locations, and descriptors are correctly linked to the same finding.</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="item align-top">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae4e3ba5cf14988230125_bullet01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="item__copy">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4"><strong>Temporal context is interpreted correctly</strong></h4>
				<p>Current findings are distinguished from prior ones, and change over time isunderstood.</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="item align-top">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae4e3ba5cf14988230125_bullet01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="item__copy">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4"><strong>Outputs are deterministic and reproducible</strong></h4>
				<p>The same input produces the same result, supporting auditability and trust.</p>
			</div>
		</li>
		<li class="item align-top">
			<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aae4e3ba5cf14988230125_bullet01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
			<div class="item__copy">
				<h4 class="p2 mt-0 mb-4"><strong>Every data element is traceable to source text</strong></h4>
				<p>Clinicians can see exactly where information came from without manualreconstruction</p>
			</div>
		</li>
	</ul>
</div>

Panel with icon

TRANSPARENCY:		MODERATE
RELIABILITY:		LIMITED
TRACEABILITY:		PARTIAL
EFFICIENCY:		LOW HIGH VALIDATION BURDEN

<div class="panel">
	<div class="panel__icon"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69aaf1992eb23c6860e87658_icon-list-lg.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="image"></div>
	<div class="panel__content p3">
		<div class="w-embed">
			<table class="table">
				<tbody>
					<tr>
						<td class="panel__label pb-6">TRANSPARENCY:</td>
						<td class="panel__value pb-6"><strong class="teal-dark">MODERATE</strong></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="panel__label pb-6">RELIABILITY:</td>
						<td class="panel__value pb-6"><strong class="teal-dark">LIMITED</strong></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="panel__label pb-6">TRACEABILITY:</td>
						<td class="panel__value pb-6"><strong class="teal-dark">PARTIAL</strong></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="panel__label pb-6">EFFICIENCY:</td>
						<td class="panel__value pb-6"><strong class="teal-dark">LOW</strong> HIGH VALIDATION BURDEN</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
		</div>
	</div>
</div>

Graphics components

CUSTOM diagram

In scenarios where AI outputs require staff intervention:

Validation dominates workflow

Care slowed

Program scaling prevented

Cost increased

<div class="diagram-custom">
	<h3 class="p2 mb-20">In scenarios where AI outputs require staff intervention:</h3>
	<div class="diagram-holder">
		<div class="diagram__row top">
			<div class="h-cpnnector"></div>
			<div class="diagram__item first">
            	<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69ab564334001a6c5b602cd6_icon-mark.svg" loading="lazy" alt="">
				<div>Validation dominates workflow</div>
			</div>
		</div>
		<div class="diagram__row bottom">
			<div class="diagram__item block">
				<div><strong>Care slowed</strong></div>
				<div class="hide-area left"></div>
				<div class="t-circle">
					<div class="v-connector short"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
			<div class="diagram__item block">
				<div><strong>Program scaling prevented</strong></div>
				<div class="t-circle">
					<div class="v-connector"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
			<div class="diagram__item block">
				<div><strong>Cost increased</strong></div>
				<div class="hide-area right"></div>
				<div class="t-circle">
					<div class="v-connector short"></div>
				</div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>
</div>

SIMPLE diagram

Depending on the condition,

30–40%

This is some text inside of a div block.

<div class="diagram">
	<div class="diagram__image">
    	<img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6940c17b29401f45fd5c6e3f/69ab3fe4555f135da0661f67_diagram01.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="image">
    </div>
	<div class="diagram__content">
		<div>Depending on the condition,</div>
		<div class="diagram__value">30–40%</div>
		<div>This is some text inside of a div block.</div>
	</div>
</div>

VALUES

~93
million CT
scans in 2023
68.7
—> Up from
‍68.7 million
39.8%
of all radiology exams
contain an incidental finding

<div class="items-box mb-16">
	<ul role="list" class="items-grid align-center">
		<li class="grid__item text-center">
          <div class="item__value">~93</div>
          <div class="p2">
          	<strong>million CT<br>scans in </strong><span class="text-numbers"><strong>2023</strong></span>
          </div>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item text-center">
          <div class="item__value">68.7</div>
          <div class="p2">
          	<strong>—&gt; Up from<br>&zwj;</strong><span class="text-numbers"><strong>68.7</strong></span><strong> million</strong>
          </div>
		</li>
		<li class="grid__item text-center">
          <div class="item__value">39.8%</div>
          <div class="p2">
          	<span class="text-numbers"><strong>of all radiology exams<br>contain an incidental finding</strong></span>
          </div>
		</li>
	</ul>
</div>